Reference to Kuttuvan's Musiri in Paranar's 'Puranaanuru' - Sangam Poetry in old Tamil
(dated between the 1st - 3rd centuries CE)
She will not agree if someone is unworthy of her,
even if they came humbly with abundant fine gifts,
precious like Musiri of Kuttuvan with a gold garland,
where the ocean roars like drums,
paddy traded for fish is heaped on boats,
making houses and boats look the same,
and black pepper heaped in houses
make them appear like the uproarious ocean shores,
gold wares from ships are brought to the shore
by boats through backwaters,
and the king gives precious things
from the mountain and ocean to those who come,
and liquor is abundant like water.
Source: http://sangamtranslationsbyvaidehi.com/ettuthokai-301-400/
Reference to Muziris in Periplus of the Erythrean Sea (The Periplus Maris Erythraei)
(a Greek work, describing travel and trade in the Indian Ocean.
Dated the 1st century CE)
Beyond Barygaza, the adjoining coast extends in a straight line from north to south; and so this region is called Dachinabades, for 'dachanos' in the language of the natives means 'south'.
The inland country back from the coast toward the east comprises many desert regions and great mountains; and all kinds of wild beasts - leopards, tigers, elephants, enormous serpents, hyenas and baboons of many sorts; and many populous nations, as far as the Ganges.
Among the market-towns of Dachinabades, there are two of special importance; Pathana, distant about twenty days' journey south from Barygaza......
And, as one proceeds further southward, down the coast..
Then come Naura and Tyndis, the first markets of Damirica, and then Muziris and
Nelcynda, which are now of leading importance.
Tyndis is of the Kingdom of Cerobothra; it is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris, of the same Kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia, and by the Greeks; it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia.
Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia, and is of another Kingdom, the Pandian. This place is also situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the sea...
Source: 17th century Map depicting locations of Periplus of the Erythrean Sea
A more recent depiction:
Map Image Source: "Periplous of the Erythraean Sea" Attribution: George Tsiagalakis - Own work. Licensed under GFDL via Wikimedia Commons
The various ports on the western Indian coast mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, identified by their probable current locations:
Port mentioned in the Periplus | Current Name(Probable) | Location | Old/Alternate Names/Comments |
Barygaza | Bharuch | 21.712N 72.993E At the mouth of the river Narmada |
Bhrigukachcha, Bharukachcha, Barakacheva, Bharuch, Bhadoch, Broach |
Naura | Mangalore? | 12.87N 74.88E Near the mouth of the river Netravati |
Naravu - old Tamil name for the river and port town? Other Names: Kudla, Kodial, Maikala, Mangaluru |
Tyndis | Ponnani, Beypore or Kadalundi |
10.77N 75.9E (Ponnani), 11.18N 75.82E(Beypore), 11.8N 75.49E(Kadalundi) |
Thondi? |
Muziris | Pattanam / Kodungallur | 10.15N 76.20E(Pattanam), 10.23N 76.19E(Kodungallur); Near the mouth of the river Periyaar |
Muchiri, Muziri |
Nelcynda | Niranam or Purakkad? | 9.21N 76.31E(Niranam), 9.21N 76.21E(Purakkad) |
|
Red Mountain | Anchuthengu(Anjengo) or Varkala | 8.48N 76.92E(Anchuthengu), 8.73N 76.72E(Varkala) |
|
Balita | Vizhinjam? | 8.22N 76.59E | |
Komar | Kanyakumari | 8.08N 77.54E | Cape Camorin |
Ref: Primarily, The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation and Commentary (Lionel Casson, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989) for locations
other than Muziris